HMS Doris, the phantom slave ship

HMS Doris
1828, drawing by P. B. Watson

Writing about Rio in volume 2 of Herman Melville: A Half Known Life, John Bryant finds subtle but nonetheless "grim" and even "gruesome" evidence of inurement to ongoing horrors of the Atlantic slave trade in one of Melville's earliest sources, A Visit to the South Seas by C. S. Stewart. Here is the relevant passage in Stewart's Visit, Letter 5 ("Description of the Bay of Rio de Janeiro"):

"Before dark, two or three vessels, outward bound, passed us: one a transport ship from Valparaiso, having on board part of the crew of the British frigate Doris, lately condemned there. Lieutenant Griffith, of the royal navy, the officer in charge of them, paid a short visit to the Guerriere in his boat, and gave us some news from the capital." -- A Visit to the South Seas (New York, 1833) volume 1 page 40.

As Bryant frames the passage, Stewart alludes casually and comfortably to the presence of a "lately condemned" and "repurposed" slave ship:

In a letter to his daughter in New York, he wrote that the Chilean ship had been "lately condemned there" and was now sailing with a crew that included former shipmates of the British frigate Doris. Stewart writes without bothering to explain what "condemned" means or why British sailors crew a Chilean Ship because his daughter, and other readers of his eventually published letters, knew from his three succinct words "lately condemned there" that the transport had once been a Chilean slave ship, that it had been captured by the British frigate Doris, that the mixed commission in Rio had "condemned" it, and that it was now repurposed and crewed by British sailors as their reward for seizing the slaver.

-- John Bryant, Herman Melville: A Half Known Life Volume 2 (Wiley Blackwell, 2021) pages 791-792.

Fact Check

There is no slave ship here, outside of the biographer's head.

Bryant has wrongly identified the "transport ship from Valparaiso" as a Chilean slave ship. This imaginary slaver is assumed, again wrongly, to be the ship that according to Charles Samuel Stewart had been recently "condemned" at Valparaiso. However, as confirmed by naval records and multiple reports in contemporary newspapers, Stewart's expression "lately condemned" modifies "Doris" (the nearest antecedent) not "transport ship." In reality, the condemned ship was the British frigate Doris, deemed unseaworthy and

"Sold at Valparaiso (for $5,590) because of her decayed state."

-- Rif Winfield, British Warships in the Age of Sail, 1793–1817 (Pen & Sword Books, 2005).

Brian Vale helpfully specifies why, in a book all about His Majesty's Ship Doris titled A Frigate of King George: Life and Duty on a British Man-of-war (I. B. Tauris, 2001). Decayed timbers, according to the paraphrase of Vale's final chapter on Wikipedia:

"By the late 1820s, decayed timbers in her bow made her unfit for further service, and she was sold at Valparaiso in April 1829."

More than one vessel was commissioned to bring home officers and crew of the condemned Doris. One such "transport ship" was the barque Lord Wellington:

Charleston Courier - June 20, 1829

"The following vessels of war were at Valparaiso 1st March... barque Lord Wellington, transport ship, for Rio Janeiro next day, having on board Sir John Sinclair, and a part of the officers and crew of the Doris frigate, condemned at Valparaiso."

The Lord Wellington arrived safely back in Portsmouth, England on the first Tuesday in July, as announced for example in the London Standard on July 13, 1829:

13 Jul 1829, Mon The Standard (London, Greater London, England) Newspapers.com

PORTSMOUTH, JULY 11.

On Tuesday last arrived the Lord Wellington transport, from Rio de Janeiro, from which she sailed on the 5th of May. This ship was commissioned by Captain Sir J. Gordon Sinclair, Bart., pursuant to orders, to bring home the officers and crew of the late ship Doris, whose very defective state would have rendered extremely hazardous a voyage in her round Cape Horn. A considerable quantity of her stores were brought away, and her hull hand been hauled on the beach at Valparaiso, where it would be sold...."

As reported in the "Monthly Naval Register," another transport ship, the Kains (alternatively rendered in newsprint as Hains and Kaius) also

"brought home a part of the officers and crew of H. M. late Frigate, Doris, and a number of invalids, from the South American Station." 

-- The United Service Magazine, Volume 2 (London, 1829). 

11 Jun 1829, Thu The Morning Post (London, Greater London, England) Newspapers.com

"The Kains transport, from Valparaiso, on her way home touched at Rio Janeiro. The above transport has on board the crew of the Doris frigate, which was condemned."  --London Morning Post, June 11, 1829. 

Aboard the Guerriere, C. S. Stewart was visited by "Lieutenant Griffith" of the outward bound transport ship "before dark" on Saturday, March 28, 1829 (Letter 5, Visit to the South Seas, vol. 1). The timing as reported by Stewart to his daughter perfectly matches the departure of the Kains transport, which sailed from Rio de Janeiro on "the 28th of March":

15 Jun 1829, Mon The Morning Chronicle (London, Greater London, England) Newspapers.com

PORTSMOUTH, JUNE 13, 1829.

The Kains transport, Lieutenant Thomas Burdwood, agent, arrived on Monday, from Valparaiso and Rio de Janeiro (having sailed from the former place the 17th of January, and from the latter the 28th of March), with seven officers and ninety-three of the crew of his Majesty's ship Doris, which has been found unfit for service. The Kains left the Lord Wellington transport at Valparaiso; she was to bring home the remainder of the crew and stores, and her arrival may be daily expected. The Kains has brought to England twenty invalids of the squadron on the South American station. Two invalids of the Ganges died on the passage.  --London Morning Chronicle, June 15, 1829.

By all accounts the Lord Wellington did not leave Rio until the 5th of May. So then, the outward bound "transport ship" sighted by Stewart on March 28, 1829 must have been the Kains. Homeward bound on the Kains, the visiting Lieutenant Griffith was one of the "seven officers" from the HMS Doris, lately "found unfit for service." As reported in the Hampshire Chronicle on June 15, 1829, the Kains transport "with Commander Rich. Griffith, some other officers, and about 100 of the crew of the Doris" arrived safely in Portsmouth on June 8th:

Portsmouth, Portsea, and Gosport. Saturday, June 13. 

... Arrived, on Tuesday, the Kains transport, from Valparaiso, with Commander Rich. Griffith, some other officers, and about 100 of the crew of the Doris. Capt. Sir John Sinclair, Bart, and the rest of the officers and men were to follow in the Lord Wellington transport. The Kains sailed from Valparaiso the I8th Jan. and Rio Janeiro 28th March. 

Bryant remarks that Stewart's mention of the "lately condemned" vessel is "unencumbered by outrage." No outrage? Does it matter the slave ship is made up, a fake? Maybe not to social justice wacktivists who equate silence with violence. 

But Stewart was not that silent. Later in the same book (Letter 11 on "Prisons, Judiciary, Slave Trade") Stewart did in fact describe and condemn the "abhorrent and tremendous evil" of the slave trade conducted at Rio de Janeiro: 

A glimpse at a still more abhorrent and tremendous evil was caught, in the same vicinity [near the city prison], while crossing the end of a street appropriated to newly arrived and unsold slaves. It is here the emaciated and half-starved cargoes are deposited from the stifling holds of the slave-ships, and daily exposed to brutal examination, till a purchaser is found. The sight is such, to an unaccustomed eye, as unavoidably to sicken the heart, and unnerve the soul; and hitherto, at the strong solicitation of others, I have avoided it.

The number of slaves brought into this port has, for the last ten years, amounted to more than twenty thousand annually; and this year it is probable there will be three times that number, for no less than thirteen thousand have already been entered since the first of January. Ships are daily arriving, crowded with them; and almost at any time, gangs just landed, and nearly naked, may be seen, with their drivers, in one part or another of the city.

-- Charles S. Stewart, A Visit to the South Seas in the U. S. Ship Vincennes Volume 1 (New York, 1831) pages 97-98.

Since Bryant notes Rev. Stewart's lack of "outrage" at the nearby specter of a fake Chilean slave ship, he probably should have mentioned Stewart's reaction to a real slave ship at sea, recorded in the third chapter of his Journal of A Residence in the Sandwich Islands (New York, 1828):

It was a Portuguese vessel, of very indifferent appearance. Our captain put the Thames so close alongside of her, that an apple could have been thrown on her deck. The commander could not speak English, and hailed through one of his crew. He merely wished to know our longitude; and informed us he was bound to the western coast of Africa. With the knowledge of her destination, the horrors of a slave ship at once rose on the mind; and the probability of her errand to that land of wretchedness, took entire possession of the imagination. The sighing of the captive, and the groaning of the oppressed, seemed already to be heard from her hatchways; and, as we dropped into her wake, gazing at her black hulk and bloody waist — colors well suited to her character — I could not add, to the farewell wave of the hand, the customary ejaculation, “God speed thee!"

Never before do I recollect to have been so deeply impressed with the enormity of this trade. I involuntarily shrunk from the sight of men who I believed to be engaged in its cruelties; and felt no inclination, as on similar occasions, to watch the lessening sail till it should sink beneath the horizon. Instead of impressions of beauty, before received from the same object, every look brought with it associations of human misery. Oh! what perversion of feeling, what destitution of principle, must there be in the heart that can, in the light of the present day, convert the ignorance and debasement of those who, though sunk below the level of their race, are still “bone of our bone and flesh of our flesh,” into reasons for subjecting them to still greater degradation! Surely, if anything on earth calls loudly for the righteous judgment of God, it is the prosecution of this trade; and sooner or later, the retributions of a just avenger must fall on those who thus make the heavens echo with the moanings of the bereaved, and the earth rich with the tears and blood of the enslaved.

 https://books.google.com/books?id=fENNh2rtRyoC&pg=PA43&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false

Melvilliana: Pathos of the parting volley

Melvilliana: Pathos of the parting volley: I heard the muffled drum beat slow, I heard the soft flute's tones of woe, I saw the coffin in the ground, And the loud volley fir...

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Wean back

For the record, the "Freudian slip" ascribed to a schoolgirl in Volume 1 of Herman Melville: A Half Known Life  (Wiley Blackwell, 2021) is the biographer's or nobody's. As shown herein, fifteen-year-old Augusta Melville correctly used the expression wean back in her essay on the poetry of Felicia Hemans. As it happens, the text of Augusta's 1836 composition is accessible on Melvilliana:

https://melvilliana.blogspot.com/2017/02/augusta-melville-on-poetry-of-felicia.html

The expression in question occurs in a brief summary of The Sisters by Felicia Hemans. Augusta thus describes the pathetic central predicament of the poem, as one sister tries to keep her "broken hearted" sibling Leonor from leaving home:

"The Sisters," too abounds with beautiful ideas, most beautifully expressed. The broken hearted one is about to leave the tender and devoted sister, the companion of her childhood, who is using every persuasion that ardent love can suggest to wean her back, how touching her answer.

"Oh! woul'dst thou seek a wounded bird from shelter to detain,
"Or woul'dst thou call a spirit freed to weary life again? 

The desired "shelter" is a convent, although Augusta says nothing about the intention of the "broken hearted" Leonor to live the cloistered life of a nun. Augusta does reveal that the one being left behind, the "devoted one" of the poem, urges her traumatized sister not to go, hoping "to wean her back." In Hemans' poem the pleading sister succeeds in converting or reconverting her troubled sibling, who excitedly and appreciatively acknowledges, 

Oh sister! thou hast won me back!

John Bryant jumps on Augusta's wean as an "unconscious" spelling error for win, assuming I guess that Augusta must have intended to change the form of Hemans' verb won (past participle, technically) into the infinitive to win. With remarkable confidence in his feat of mind-reading, Bryant explains how Augusta wrote "to wean her back" when she certainly meant "win her back":

"The unconscious misspelling of “wean” for “win” — a Freudian slip suggesting a mothering kinship between sisters that hints, too, at an “ardent” same-sex love that would inhabit Augusta's future dreams — may not yield in the schoolgirl's essay any "full decided meaning," but it is an aspect of this half-known sister we shall continue to explore."  -- John Bryant, Herman Melville: A Half Known Life (Wiley Blackwell, 2021) volume 1, page 291.

In his extended treatment of young Augusta Melville's writing and older brother Gansevoort's revising, Bryant advances a really interesting and original argument for a "sibling coterie of writers" that might have schooled Herman, too, after Augusta. Herman's juvenile school compositions are lost, but the coterie as Bryant conceives it has good documentary support in surviving letters and the partial manuscript draft of Typee, evidencing Gansevoort's crucial role in superintending the publication of Herman's first book.

But wait! Before we cosign on the promise "to explore" and keep exploring the heart, mind, and sexual identity of Herman Melville's sister, under the influence of imaginary "hints" from a "schoolgirl's essay," let's consult a good dictionary. Conveniently accessible online, Webster's Dictionary 1828 gives two main senses for wean. The first relates specifically to the elimination of breastfeeding. The second and also perfectly legitimate dictionary definition of wean generalizes from mother's breast to "the affections" and "the heart."

Noah Webster, A Dictionary of the English Language
London, 1832

 Another edition, via Google Books:

WEAN, v. t. [Sax. wenan, gewænan, to accustom; from the root of wone, wont; gewanian, to delay; D. wenan, afwenan; G. entwöhnen; Sw. vänja‎. See Wont.]

1. To accustom and reconcile, as a child or other young animal, to a want or deprivation of the breast. And the child grew, and was weaned. Gen. xxi. [Genesis 21.8]

2. To detach or alienate, as the affections, from any object of desire; to reconcile to the want or loss of any thing; as, to wean the heart from temporal enjoyments.

In commending Hemans' ballad of "The Sisters," Herman's sister Augusta Melville employed wean in the second dictionary sense of the verb, meaning either "to detach" one's "affections" from, or "to reconcile" to the "loss" of, anything desirable or enjoyable. Either or both ideas, detachment and reconciliation, may be denoted by wean. In Augusta's usage, the departing sister's heart is already weaned once, having been gradually "detached" from enjoyment of domestic affections along with her painful experience of unspecified private grief. The one being left aims to wean her sister back--that is, back to home affections, despite the emotional pain there exposed. So the "devoted" sister has to wean back, to detach or alienate the other from her new object of desire, the desperately embraced cloister. Put another way: as the mysteriously heartbroken, would-be nun appears reconciled to her imminent loss of home affections, the devoted sister must "wean her back" by persuading her to give up the convent cell. Leonor must somehow be reconciled to the loss of its lonely yet consoling solitude. 

In the ballad by Felicia Hemans, the devoted sister finally prevails by singing a favorite song from their childhood, marked by the repeated admonition, "leave us not." Thus convinced to stay Leonor exclaims, "Oh sister! thou hast won me back!"

As correctly used by Augusta Melville, wean back conveys the essence of the domestic drama as lyrically presented by Hemans. By singing an old familiar song, one sister weans back the other, back to the family circle where she once belonged. In a similarly domestic and religious context, Francis Parkman used Augusta's phrase "wean her back" to describe the attempt of a "passionately fond" father to dissuade his daughter, Madame de la Peltrie, from joining a convent:

Religion and its ministers possessed her wholly, and all her enthusiasm was spent on works of charity and devotion. Her father, passionately fond of her, resisted her inclination for the cloister, and sought to wean her back to the world; but she escaped from the chateau to a neighboring convent, where she resolved to remain.

--Chapter 14 on Devotees and Nuns  in France and England in North America (Boston, 1867).

Among Emily Dickinson scholars, Augusta's usage remained in play at the dawn of this our enlightened 21st century. In the classroom, confident about the superiority of manuscript study over badly edited texts, Annette Debo provides students with typescripts of Dickinson's poems

"initially, but I try to wean them back to the manuscripts."

Debo, Annette. “Dickinson Manuscripts in the Undergraduate Classroom.” College Literature, vol. 27, no. 3, 2000, pp. 130–43, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25112540.

More 19th century examples

"Rebuke the sin, but yet in love rebuke,
Feel as one member in another's pain;
Wean back the soul that his fair path forsook, 

And mighty and eternal is thy gain." 

 

-- Hymn 203 on "Brotherly Kindness" in 
A Selection of Psalms and Hymns by Baptist Wriothesley Noel (London, 1832).

"But Jane, thou art gone—
Gone to the lonely grave—then fare thee well,
The eloquence of grief cannot wean thee
Back to life.—"

"To the Memory of Miss W——n." Auburn NY Free Press, March 20, 1832

At length those eyes, which they would fain be weaning
Back to old thoughts, wax'd full of fearful meaning. 

-- Byron, Don Juan Canto 4, 64

"Mabel was at last able to wean her back from her purpose."  --Love's Exchange: A Tale by Charles John Boyle (London, 1839).

Still there was one who clung to him with all the fond devotedness of woman's never ceasing love. In his early career, Julia had strove, by every art and persuasion which she was possessed of, to wean him back to his former mode of life.  -- "The Victims of Inebriation" by Joseph I. Matthias, The Ladies' Garland (Philadelphia, 1842).

She could not but look back to him, and determined again to see him—again to attempt to wean him back to self-respect and to himself. -- "Confessions of a Gambler" in The New York Illustrated Magazine of Literature and Art (New York, 1846)

But how are we to reclaim the wicked and immoral? How wean them back again into the path of virtue and peace?   --The Primitive Expounder, Volume 2 (Philadelphia, 1845)

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